{"id":2359,"date":"2022-12-06T13:00:51","date_gmt":"2022-12-06T13:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/06\/reframing-narrative-stories-to-help-solve-societal-problems\/"},"modified":"2024-10-21T17:26:16","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T17:26:16","slug":"reframing-narrative-stories-to-help-solve-societal-problems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/06\/reframing-narrative-stories-to-help-solve-societal-problems\/","title":{"rendered":"How narrative journalists can make &#8220;good trouble&#8221; to tackle social problems"},"content":{"rendered":"    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p><em>EDITOR\u2019S NOTE: This post introduces readers to a rhetorical re-framing of narrative nonfiction that a Vanderbilt University professor argues can create partnerships between writers and readers in pursuit of addressing societal problems. This week and next, we feature each of his seven approaches to story projects.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">How do writers of narrative non-fiction tackle social problems? It\u2019s easy enough to think that problems just float out there, awaiting journalists capable of finding and capturing them and wrestling them into words.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>But writers actually take realities that readers might gloss over or write off, and then craft words that help people notice and interpret them&nbsp;<em>as<\/em>&nbsp;social problems that warrant thought and action. To take inspiration from the late civil rights leader and U.S. Congressman John Lewis, writers use language to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt10310096\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">make good trouble<\/a>&nbsp;that needs to get made. To do this, writers almost always learn about the social problems from those who first brought them to light: the people directly affected by them or activists they work with, whose protests and voice \u2014 often against serious odds \u2014 punctured the silence, euphemism and complacency that shrouded the problem against critical inspection. They provide not only information about the problem, but ways to make sense of it.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>So how do writers go about crafting an understanding of problems from this starting point? To answer this, it\u2019s worth parsing two different meanings of the word \u201cproblem:\u201d<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-list mb-4 list max-w-screen-full mx-auto pl-5 \">\n            \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There is problem as something that you find upsetting or concerning \u2014 something that clashes with your sense of the way the world ought to be, is broken and needs to be repaired.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>And then there is problem in the sense of a math problem: a puzzle or conundrum that needs sustained thinking to make sense of, untangle and perhaps even solve.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Plenty of non-fiction writing about society confronts a problem in one of these two senses but not the other: texts that challenge a troubling social reality their authors think they have completely figured out; and texts that play with some intriguing, elusive mystery, the broader social stakes of which are unclear or unimportant to the writer.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-image mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"525\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Paul-Kramer-1-1-e1670296728144.jpg\" alt=\"Vandermilt University associate history professor Paul A. Kramer\" class=\"wp-image-9422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Paul-Kramer-1-1-e1670296728144.jpg 525w, https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Paul-Kramer-1-1-e1670296728144-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">History Professor Paul Kramer in his office in Benson Hall.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>The best narrative non-fiction writing on social problems does both. It grapples with a particular social reality in order to question it, subject it to critical attention and convince readers that its existence and continuance is not inevitable. Writing that does this communicates to readers that the problem is tricky, requiring the combined intelligence of author and reader. For this reason, however paradoxically, the best works of narrative non-fiction that deal with social issues may not start out with a firm sense of a known problem. Rather, they can set out to profile an intriguing setting or situation, for example, that has some disquieting aspects.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>This approach has lots of advantages. It gives writers the room and time needed to figure out for themselves, ideally through close, sustained reporting, what the problem actually is rather than assuming they already know. As they work it out, they stay alive to details that have distant or ambiguous relationships to the problem, or maybe none at all. This tack makes it less likely that writers will reduce the people in question to individuals whose existence is completely enveloped by the problem. (Shrinking people down to the problems they confront can, of course, come dangerously close to defining the people themselves as the problem.)<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Writers working in this exploratory mode also are more likely to remain open to investigating a problem\u2019s many causal roots and manifestations, and to hearing from people who are actually experiencing it: how they define the situation, where they think it comes from, why it\u2019s a problem for them and what they think should be done about it.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Perhaps most of all, this approach invites the reader in as an intellectual partner and companion. Problem-oriented writing can seem convinced of its moral superiority: The virtuous writer pronounces from on high, squinting hard enough that the choir they are preaching to blurs into an expansive, imaginary congregation. In contrast, writing that approaches social problems as intellectual problems says to readers:&nbsp;<em>I\u2019m bothered by this\u2026 Let\u2019s dive in together.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-heading   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Social-issues stories that reimagine society<\/h2>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Why is it so essential to investigate, present and wrestle with social problems in the first place? First, it\u2019s crucial because it\u2019s one way that society gets imagined and reimagined.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-pullquote mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>There are countless ways that we\u2019re told that things we recognize as problems have nothing to do with the ways society is organized.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>There are countless ways that we\u2019re told that things we recognize as problems have nothing to do with the ways society is organized. We\u2019re told that these problems are intractable \u2014 the result of individual failings, punishment by transcendent forces, fate or bad luck, or just the way the world works. Highly capitalist societies may be especially prone to underestimating and minimizing the social origins and character of problems, sidelining questions about whether social institutions need to be built differently. Think of how often we\u2019re told that poor people could have simply bootstrapped themselves to prosperity, without any larger, systemic changes.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>But one of the most compelling things that narrative nonfiction can do is to show how problems that seem individual, cosmological or matters of inescapable destiny are actually social and political problems, therefore rightly subject to public debate and collective, remedial action. As writers detail the social and changeable dimensions of a problem, they can enrich readers\u2019 visions of society and their role in it.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-pullquote mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Through the process of defining its problems, a community defines the common good and makes sense of its shared life together. Together, it frames the meanings of justice, freedom, equality, well-being and other values it decides are worth defending.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Articulating problems also can mean redrawing the very boundaries of the political \u201cwe.\u201d The rhetorical choices a writer makes resonate with certain people \u2014 and not others \u2014 and summon them to participate in an implied \u201cus.\u201d These choices communicate who matters \u2014 whose freedom and domination, thriving and suffering counts \u2014 and, more fundamentally, the question of who has standing to join in debate and decision-making.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Through the process of defining its problems, a community defines the common good and makes sense of its shared life together.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>While it\u2019s a mistake to overestimate the power of any particular story, the best nonfiction writing about social issues can help assemble new communities, public spheres and spaces of deliberation. The choices a writer makes \u2014 about emphasis, framing, rhetoric, voice and societal purpose \u2014 can raise scaffolding for new architectures of \u201cwe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>We\u2019re constantly absorbing the objectionable into our everyday sense of the normal: Problems that were once overt and charged \u2014 that animated peoples\u2019 sense of self and society \u2014 fade with time, political change and concerted efforts to bury them. Vast swaths of norms, hard-won rights and valid objections are perpetually at risk of being obscured and forgotten, as we gradually, without even noticing, accommodate to things that were previously unacceptable.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>This capacity to normalize the bad is both adaptive and terrifying. But rather than seeing it as the cause for naive hope or hopeless despair, it can remind us of the need for vigilant, unyielding, inquiring attention to problems that threaten to vanish without going away. That can be, at its most valuable, the work of narrative nonfiction.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-heading   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">New frames for addressing societal problems<\/h2>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Whenever in the process of research and drafting that a writer settles on a sense of what the problem is, they need to think hard about the relationship between a desired audience with particular subjects and themes. Will readers see a problem here? If not, why not? And how could framing the situation in new terms, or providing new evidence, help them see differently? If readers already see the situation as a problem, are they inclined to approach it in ways that overlap with yours?<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>To get more concrete, let\u2019s distinguish a variety of story approaches taken by non-fiction writing about society. I\u2019ll consider seven of them in coming posts:<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-list mb-4 list max-w-screen-full mx-auto pl-5 \">\n            \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/06\/reframing-narrative-stories-to-help-solve-societal-problems\/\">Introduction<\/a>:\u00a0Making good trouble<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/07\/exposing-social-problems-to-engage-readers\/\">Exposure<\/a>:\u00a0Highlighting overlooked problems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>II. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/08\/immediacy-proximity-social-issues-journalism\/\">Urgency<\/a>:\u00a0Revealing the immediacy of problems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>III.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/09\/powerful-journalism-empowers-people-to-action\/\">Activation<\/a>:\u00a0Challenging a sense of powerlessness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IV.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/12\/social-issues-journalism-cause-effect\/\">Re-specification<\/a>:\u00a0Reconsidering causes and effects of a problem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/13\/social-issues-journalism-that-expands-perspective-and-empathy\/\">Solidarity<\/a>:\u00a0Standing with those affected<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VI. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/14\/connecting-daily-life-to-social-justice-issues\/\">Responsibility<\/a>:\u00a0Connecting action to consequence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VII. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/15\/social-issues-journalism-values-perspective\/\">Value-switching<\/a>:\u00a0Considering different moral stances<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/16\/social-issues-journalism-narrative-frames\/\">Conclusion<\/a>:\u00a0The gift of narrative nonfiction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Each of these frames a partnership between a writer and a reader as partners:<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-quote mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p><em>We\u2019re in this together, they say, but we\u2019re not the same. Maybe we share key values but don\u2019t have the same information. Maybe we possess similar knowledge but prioritize issues in different ways. Our commonalties and differences will shape the terms of engagement between us and the worlds we are learning and thinking about together.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>One of the most important decisions the writer makes here \u2014 one that will affect which tasks you take up and how \u2014 is how to position yourself. Do you adopt the stance of a detached observer, affected only as anyone else would be? Do you take on the perspective of insiders with direct experience and knowledge of the problem? Or do you write from the position of both outside expert and first-hand witness?<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-heading   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The writer\u2019s stance: a crucial choice<\/h2>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>A great deal hinges on this choice and the way you express it. Each position asserts a different kind of authority. Outsiders tend to advance claims of rationality, disinterestedness and fluency in multiple perspectives. Insiders convey truths that only victims and eyewitnesses can: unmediated experience, potent emotions and enduring consequences.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>The position you assume as a writer can change the basic meanings of the seven story modes I sketch out. Imagine, for example, the vast difference between an outsider holding readers partly responsible for a problem, and that same charge arriving in the voice of an insider who tells you they have directly suffered it themselves.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>These seven project categories are seldom isolated or confined, one at a time, in any single nonfiction narrative. They get stirred together, with each picking up and heightening the others. But it helps to grasp their purposes one by one. Skilled cooks already know just how much of each flavor to toss into a dish, and when, without studying the spice rack. But they can learn by lingering briefly over each, how it works and what it brings to the whole.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p><em><strong>NEXT:<\/strong>&nbsp;Exposure: Stories that expose overlooked problems<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>***<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p><em><strong>Paul A. Kramer&nbsp;<\/strong>is an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/history\/bio\/paul-kramer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">associate professor at Vanderbilt University<\/a>, where he teaches history and non-fiction writing. He is the author of several academic studies and essays that have been published by major news sites. His book, \u201cThe Blood of Government,\u201d has won several awards, including being named a finalist for the Philippines National Book Award in the social science category.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Vanderbilt history professor makes the case for re-framing social-issues stories in ways that partner with rather than preach to readers<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"topics":[],"authors":[379],"issue":[],"class_list":["post-2359","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays-on-craft","authors-paul-a-kramer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How narrative journalists can make &quot;good trouble&quot; 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