{"id":2365,"date":"2022-12-12T18:38:38","date_gmt":"2022-12-12T18:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/12\/social-issues-journalism-cause-effect\/"},"modified":"2024-10-21T17:28:37","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T17:28:37","slug":"social-issues-journalism-cause-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/12\/social-issues-journalism-cause-effect\/","title":{"rendered":"Making good journalistic trouble, Part IV: Tracing the cause and effect of social issues"},"content":{"rendered":" \n
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EDITOR\u2019S NOTE: In a series on making \u201cgood trouble\u201d through journalism<\/strong><\/a>, Paul A. Kramer of Vanderbilt University argues for seven approaches that can help create partnerships between writers and readers to address social problems. From his introduction: \u201cThe best narrative non-fiction writing on social problems \u2026 grapples with a particular social reality in order to question it, subject it to critical attention and convince readers that its existence and continuance is not inevitable.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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In the fourth approach, journalists explore the root causes of familiar social problems to highlight possible solutions. Additional approaches will be posted this week and next.<\/em><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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This problem is not what you think it is.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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Re-specification takes on a problem that is familiar to readers but may be misunderstood in terms of causes or effects. The writer\u2019s job here is to critically examine the existing frameworks that readers may bring to the problem and discuss why they don\u2019t work \u2014or only partly work. The goal is present alternative approaches and evidence that supports these approaches.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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Some possible reframes: Yes, we\u2019ve all heard about this problem but it isn\u2019t exactly the problem you think it is. Or yes, this is a problem but it\u2019s a problem for a different reason than you thought. Or this known problem is caused by something different from what you imagined, or manifested in ways you haven\u2019t recognized.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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Sometimes this reframing confronts the dominant, misguided formulation head-on: When it comes to x<\/em> problem, we hear a lot about the role of y<\/em> but not enough about z<\/em>. Sometimes it needs to be even stronger: y<\/em> is misleading and z<\/em> gets us closer to the truth.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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To re-specify, writers may need to clarify, confront and break down authoritative approaches to the problem that experts may have fortified in jargon (as is the case in much social science research and policy analysis). And they may be called upon to pry loose encrusted background assumptions readers may not know they hold.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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Re-specification can sound nit-picky. If it\u2019s clear that something is a problem, does it really matter so much how we describe it?<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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But how we describe it matters because whether or not we realize it a problem\u2019s portrait is also a diagnosis. It tells us how deep the problem runs and what else it is entangled with. Perhaps most essentially, in doing this, it helps us realize what kind of inquiry and political action we need to take.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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\"Journalist
Linda Villarosa<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div> \n
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Powerful, exemplary re-specification is at work in Linda Villarosa\u2019s 2018 New York <\/a>Times Magazine investigation, \u201cWhy America\u2019s Black Mothers and Babies are in a Life-or-Death Crisis,\u201d<\/a> which explores the disproportionate dangers that Black women face in pregnancy and childbirth. The story unfolds through the relationship between Simone Landrum, a working-class mother of two in New Orleans, and her doula, Latonya Gita.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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While the piece exposes some readers to facts they will be unfamiliar with, it also elegantly explores a host of plausible but ultimately insufficient explanations for Black women\u2019s additional health risks. Along the way, it serves up striking findings: that experiences of racism and sexism, including in healthcare itself, can take a devastating physical toll. Here Villarosa thoroughly recasts the origins and meanings of Black women\u2019s healthcare predicaments in ways that raise further questions about the wide-ranging, lethal consequences of racism and sexism in American society.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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\u201cThe reasons for the black-white divide in both infant and maternal mortality have been debated by researchers and doctors for more than two decades,\u201d she writes. \u201cBut recently there has been growing acceptance of what has largely been, for the medical establishment, a shocking idea: For black women in America, an inescapable atmosphere of societal and systemic racism can create a kind of toxic physiological stress, resulting in conditions\u2014including hypertension and pre-eclampsia\u2014that lead directly to higher rates of infant and maternal death.\u201d<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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Risks of re-specification include dismissing previous perspectives outright \u2014 did they get anything right?  \u2014 or overselling one\u2019s own approach as definitive. And one can confuse readers with technical matters that haven\u2019t been expressed clearly, vividly or economically.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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There also are tricky questions to be asked about how much writers should skirmish with the inadequate or wrongheaded explanations they seek to overturn. Spend too little time on them, and readers may try to graft better accounts to worse ones they haven\u2019t replaced; spend too much, and a piece can inadvertently reinforce them.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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But if writers navigate these issues well, re-specification can play a decisive role in giving readers new maps with which to chart the world.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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Related Posts<\/h2>\n\n
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Introduction<\/a>:\u00a0Making good trouble<\/p>\n

I.\u00a0Exposure<\/a>:\u00a0Highlighting overlooked problems<\/p>\n

II.\u00a0Urgency<\/a>:\u00a0Revealing the immediacy of problems<\/p>\n

III.\u00a0Activation<\/a>:\u00a0Challenging a sense of powerlessness<\/p>\n

IV.\u00a0Re-specification<\/a>:\u00a0Reconsidering causes and effects of a problem<\/p>\n

V.\u00a0Solidarity<\/a>:\u00a0Standing with those affected<\/p>\n

VI.\u00a0Responsibility<\/a>:\u00a0Connecting action to consequence<\/p>\n

VII.\u00a0Value-switching<\/a>:\u00a0Considering different moral stances<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/a>:\u00a0The gift of narrative nonfiction<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n\t\n<\/div> \n

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NEXT: Stories that show the solidarity between readers and those affected by social problems<\/em><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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***<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n

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Paul A. Kramer <\/strong>is an associate professor at Vanderbilt University<\/a>, where he teaches history and non-fiction writing. He is the author of several academic studies and essays that have been published by major news sites. His book, \u201cThe Blood of Government,\u201d has won several awards, including being named a finalist for the Philippines National Book Award in the social science category.<\/em><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stories reported through a “re-specification” frame point to the core origins and ultimate consequences of social problems<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9436,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"topics":[],"authors":[379],"issue":[],"class_list":["post-2365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays-on-craft","authors-paul-a-kramer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMaking good journalistic trouble, Part IV: Tracing the cause and effect of social issues - Nieman Storyboard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/12\/social-issues-journalism-cause-effect\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta 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