{"id":2367,"date":"2022-12-16T13:00:22","date_gmt":"2022-12-16T13:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/16\/social-issues-journalism-narrative-frames\/"},"modified":"2024-10-21T17:25:50","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T17:25:50","slug":"social-issues-journalism-narrative-frames","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/16\/social-issues-journalism-narrative-frames\/","title":{"rendered":"Social-change journalism can make &#8220;good trouble&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p><em>EDITOR\u2019S NOTE: In a series on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/stories\/reframing-narrative-stories-to-help-solve-societal-problems\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>making \u201cgood trouble\u201d through journalism<\/strong><\/a>, Paul A. Kramer of Vanderbilt University argues for seven story approaches that can help address social problems. From his introduction: \u201cThe best narrative non-fiction writing on social problems \u2026 grapples with a particular social reality in order to question it, subject it to critical attention and convince readers that its existence and continuance is not inevitable.\u201d&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p><em>The conclusion of the rhetorical re-frames reminds writers that it requires a thoughtful process of reporting; he cautions against overreach and underscores the value of this work to society.<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p><em>Social-change journalism: risks and rewards<\/em><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Narratives that explore social problems are core to good journalism. As society and its accompanying problems become more complex, I suggest a reframe of classic projects that can highlight primary journalistic tasks:<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-list mb-4 list max-w-screen-full mx-auto pl-5 \">\n            \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/06\/reframing-narrative-stories-to-help-solve-societal-problems\/\">Introduction<\/a>:\u00a0Making good trouble<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/07\/exposing-social-problems-to-engage-readers\/\">Exposure<\/a>:\u00a0Highlighting overlooked problems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>II. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/08\/immediacy-proximity-social-issues-journalism\/\">Urgency<\/a>:\u00a0Revealing the immediacy of problems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>III.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/09\/powerful-journalism-empowers-people-to-action\/\">Activation<\/a>:\u00a0Challenging a sense of powerlessness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IV.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/12\/social-issues-journalism-cause-effect\/\">Re-specification<\/a>:\u00a0Reconsidering causes and effects of a problem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/13\/social-issues-journalism-that-expands-perspective-and-empathy\/\">Solidarity<\/a>:\u00a0Standing with those affected<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VI. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/14\/connecting-daily-life-to-social-justice-issues\/\">Responsibility<\/a>:\u00a0Connecting action to consequence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VII. <a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/15\/social-issues-journalism-values-perspective\/\">Value-switching<\/a>:\u00a0Considering different moral stances<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/niemanstoryboard.org\/2022\/12\/16\/social-issues-journalism-narrative-frames\/\">Conclusion<\/a>:\u00a0The gift of narrative nonfiction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>To be clear, these seven categories don\u2019t so much refer to specific, overarching types of pieces as to the tasks stories can undertake or goals they can help achieve. The richest journalistic work weaves these tasks together in subtle and intricate ways.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>So, for example, you may find yourself bringing some new problem to readers\u2019 attention, but also heightening its reality and sense of urgency in ways that help readers feel solidarity with those most affected. Ideally, whichever of these tasks the writer takes up, they blend in ways that allow readers to experience them as an effortless whole.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>The tasks the writer chooses to emphasize in a project also can shift during the reporting and writing. They may start off with the intent of exposing a problem or re-specifying its cause or building solidarity, only to discover that the story they\u2019re exploring requires other reframes or a different of mix of them. The writer\u2019s research shifts into the drafting process and they have to come to grips, sentence by sentence, with the question of audience: Whom, among their readers, do they most want to reach? There\u2019s seldom one, great, dramatic point of decision \u2014 no clear roadmap for this work \u2014 only smaller, incremental choices that build on each other.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-heading   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Focus on the people affected by the problem<\/h2>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Are there limitations to approaching non-fiction writing about society through the lens of social problems? First, of course, the language of \u201cproblems\u201d is abstract and, like all abstractions, risks draining and sanitizing the harsh realities of life. So it\u2019s worth stressing that when you write about \u201csocial problems,\u201d you are always writing about people: issues that infuse and structure people\u2019s experiences, their relationships with each other, and the institutions they build and live within. The story isn\u2019t about the \u201cproblem\u201d per se: It\u2019s about how people experience it, how it is embedded in their lives, how they think about it and relate to it, how they live with it and struggle against it.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>It\u2019s also, of course, about who is responsible for the problem and whose interests, power, profits and status are advanced by it. It\u2019s about those who sowed its seeds and kept it growing. It\u2019s about the work they did to legitimize and normalize it, in part by making sure that it\u2019s not regarded as a problem in the first place. It may not be your goal to anger these people, but they won\u2019t celebrate you doing it \u2014 especially if you do your job effectively.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>Problem-centered approaches also have limitations from a practical angle. Readers pick up non-fiction writing for countless purposes that can have little to do with a desire to delve into society\u2019s thorniest problems. They want to travel, encounter new people, access quick-and-useful information, learn something new, even spend companionable time with a writer\u2019s voice and savor the delights of well-crafted language. When social problems exercise too strong a gravitational pull, readers can be denied the other gifts they expect, and they will flee.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>But thinking about the limitations of problem-centering has value politically and ethically. Writing that sets out too confidently from a cozy, shrink-wrapped sense of a problem can come across as authoritarian. The textual world gets engineered around the problem, with every narrative beat and detail machine-tooled to dramatize it. Such writing conveys that nothing can be left to chance \u2014 or to the reader.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>The best social-change narratives, by contrast, guide the reader\u2019s political and moral imagination without assigning it a single, fixed destination. They provide rich, open-ended surface areas, textures and moments that are never reducible to the problems the writer hopes to highlight. In this way, they give readers the chance for unpredictable and perhaps transformative encounters, including with problems the author hasn\u2019t noticed before.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p>***<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-classic mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"  core-block\">\n        <div class=\"block block--core block--core-paragraph mb-5   max-w-screen-full mx-auto\">\n            \n<p><em><strong>Paul A. Kramer&nbsp;<\/strong>is an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/history\/bio\/paul-kramer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">associate professor at Vanderbilt University<\/a>, where he teaches history and non-fiction writing. He is the author of several academic studies and essays that have been published by major news sites. His book, \u201cThe Blood of Government,\u201d has won several awards, including being named a finalist for the Philippines National Book Award in the social science c<\/em>ategory.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Vanderbilt professor wraps up his case for seven reframes of problem-centered story work with a summary of risks and rewards<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9450,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"topics":[],"authors":[379],"issue":[],"class_list":["post-2367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays-on-craft","authors-paul-a-kramer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Social-change journalism can 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